Hyperpigmentation and dark spots are skin conditions where certain areas become darker than the surrounding skin due to an overproduction of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. This can occur from sun exposure, hormonal changes, acne, or skin injuries, leading to patches like sun spots, age spots, melasma, or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). These spots are usually harmless but can affect skin tone and appearance, leading many to seek treatments for a more even complexion.